Biased Justice

Biased Justice I remember this quote, â€Å"Equal Justice under law Is not Just a caption on the fade of the supreme court building. It is fundamental that Justice should be the same, In substance and availability, without regard to economic status, by Justice Lewis Powell Jar,† when I read the cases of Del Gonzalez and Ethan couch. On the light of above quote and the two cases (incidents that would be further discuss more) I would like to discuss the effects of rich power on the justice and how bad upbringing of the children affects the society. And not only society also the future of the younger enervation.As only the rich are able to escape the sentence to life in prison but the rest of them are leading their whole life in prison. So in the essay the discussion will continue with, sentence to life in prison should that be given or not. Justice being biased is a very bad thing. This will give a very bad impact both on the Justice and also on the ones who will be facing the p unishments. The ones committed the crime or even a part of that crime will be facing the prison and the ones who committed the crime and they are also rich will be left free and enjoying all the benefits of life. Everyone should be equally punished.The law which Is going to Judge what Is right and what Is wrong will It self be biased how can we have trust on the courts that It will provide us fair justice. According the article in the Los Angels Times on January 13, 2014 titled â€Å"Growing up in prison†, the two important people in the context: Del Gonzalez and Ethan Couch, whose lives changed drastically based on a judgment. I believe in the saying, â€Å"Injustice anywhere is a threat to Justice everywhere, by Martin†, and hence when I relate it this to our topic, Ethan Couch by eying the Justice into his hands, has brought injustice to all the four people he killed.He should actually be punished as per the law as he was drunk also when he committed that crime. Dru nk and drive is itself a dangerous act and on top of that he was responsible for the death of four people. This Is not a small issue for the law to Just let him set free for the sake of some money. When we just compare these two case that Is the Del Gonzalez and Ethan Couch cases I strongly feel that Ethan couch should be sentenced to life in prison rather than Del Gonzalez as he did not do any hooting, he was just a member in that group, but he was convicted of murder and was sentenced to life.Just that Ethan couch parents were rich enough they could save him from that prison life. As Del Gonzalez was not rich enough he was facing prison from the age of sixteen. It's not the problem that Gonzalez was not rich enough it's that law is wrong at its state. Law is the only thing which will decide the right and wrong in the whole world and provide Justice to everyone and create some fear while doing the wrong things. This will also help the society walking in the right oath. But If the l aw Itself Is going in the wrong track from whom can we get Justice.How can we stop people In doing bad things? If the law Is so week then there will be lots of Injustice to lot many people around as everyone will not be so rich to buy the law. I always found that mercy bears richer fruits than strict Justice, which would have been true in case of Del Gonzalez, if he was released on parole. We can lead to a very dangerous mind set of the ones in the prison. They will develop a negative attitude as they might have a feeling that they wouldn't have done such a gig crime to spend their whole life in the prison.And they will know that few people even though they have committed bigger crimes are enjoying their life outside the prison. This thought will make the ones facing the prison more worst as it's a complete injustice. They will be a prisoner again rather than turning into a nicer person. In context, to effects of rich power on the Justice, I would like to rather comment on upbringin g of young individuals, â€Å"Everything depends on upbringing†, by Leo Tolstoy (war and peace). We need to keep reminding ourselves hat some people are Just raised differently.They are set free, no limits and they actually don't care of anything. Parents should try to understand one thing and also help their children in understanding the same thing that is there are few limits to do few thing and these limits are set for their safety and also for the safety of the others. We can clearly analyses that from the above case itself, Ethan couch wouldn't be in such situation if he was restricted strictly not to drink and drive. As he was never stopped by his parents he ended up killing four people when he was drunk.The situation would be much better if their parents would have warned him for drunk and drive instead of buying his sentence and doing injustice to the once who are facing the prison. Parents are also giving wrong morals that whatever mistake you do we are here to buy t he consequences of it. This is a very bad moral they are giving their children instead of setting them on to the right path. That is absolutely fine if the parent's couldn't provide a sound educational when they have a good upbringing. Hence, even Ethan Couch's parents should also be convicted for their son's crime, as hey didn't set limits on him.I don't think by Just giving 10 years' probation, Couch got his complete punishment, and also he was given alcohol treatment facility. If that was the case for Couch, why was Gonzalez given Justice in respect to his role in murder and also he should have been sent to a centre for behavioral change. I strongly oppose with the Justice given to Gonzalez, it should be given by considering his role, his age and his future. Giving sentenced to life in prison for a sixteen year kid is not advisable according to my opinion. Especially in Gonzalez case he was Just a member n that group who shot the driver.Gonzalez dint even shoot the driver but he was sentenced to life without any chance of parole. This decision of court will badly impact the future of the kid. He should at least be given a chance to rectify his mistake or sent to some counseling centers. As it's not a small thing for a sixteen year old kid to spend his rest of his life in prison where his age group people will be happily enjoying the life outside the prison. In depth, the use of power must always be accompanied by moral choice, instead of supporting the wealthier side. In case ofEthan Couch, it would have been better if his parents bequeath to him not riches, but the spirit of reverence to Justice. If Ethan Couch can be released, by introducing term â€Å"affluence†, which is his own issue, then I feel even Del Gonzalez should also be given a chance, when he was trying to lead an upright life, by overcoming all his evil deeds and also being guilty of his previous acts. In fact, every child who commits a crime deserves it. When we observe the Del Gonza lez case carefully, he was thoroughly drunk when he and two adult co-defendants attempted to steal a car, role and sentenced to life without parole.

Managing Own Performance in a Business Environment Essay

1.1) 1.2) The purpose of planning work and being accountable to others for own work is being organised. 1.3) The purpose and benefits of agreeing realistic targets for work is making sure you have enough time to accomplish the targets in order for the targets to become obtainable in all areas. 1.4) Agreeing to realistic targets is setting goals and pushing towards accomplishing the goals with a time limit, in order for you to have something to work towards and meet the deadlines. 1.5) The way you plan work to meet the deadlines is being realistic and allowing yourself a few hours out of the day to focus on work. 1.6) Keeping other people informed about your progress can be very useful because they could encourage and help your work performance with useful advice and also motivate you towards reaching your deadline. 1.7) The purpose and benefits of letting other people know work plans need to be changed are being open minded to new concepts and acknowledging room for improvement to better work performances. 1.8) The types of problems that may occur during work are not so polite candidates coming into the branch regarding no job offers or not being paid; also disagreements with colleagues. People coming in to registration with false eligibility. 1.9) The ways of seeking assistance with getting help to resolve problems is speaking to someone understanding e.g. Supervisor/Manager and explaining the situation to them in a polite and calm manor and finding a solution to the problem. 1.10) The purpose and benefits of recognising and learning from mistakes is realising in order not to make the same mistake again, taking the advice given as a learning curve and developing knowledge about something new and different. 2.1) The benefits of setting high standards for my work is aiming high and then eventually achieving it with hard work and staying focused. 2.2) Ways of setting high standards for your work, is setting obtainable targets and goals for yourself and going above and beyond to meet deadlines. 2.3) The benefits of taking on new challenges if they arise is having the ability and mindset to learn something new and different and furthering your career aspects. 2.4) The purpose of adapting to change is having the will power to take in and learn something completely new and different and gaining more experience and knowledge, in a different area in order to help you progress development even further. In order to remain profitable, you have to be flexible enough to change. 2.5) The benefits of treating others with honesty, respect and consideration are being able to handle yourself well in a professional environment, honesty gains trust and then respect is earned both ways. Employee’s etc must work as a team, although you are not always going to agree, it is important to be considerate and stay positive. 2.6) The benefits of own behaviour in a working environment, is being able to handle yourself in a correct manor in a professional environment. 2.7) The types of behaviour that shows honesty, respect and consideration at a workplace is although you’re not always going to have the same opinions, respecting each others opinion and if for whatever reason there is something you don’t like, address the issue privately and calmly amongst each other instead of being confrontational and allowing the situation to escalate and cause unnecessary problems that could of easily been avoided. 3.2) Planning and preparing work tasks enables you to make best use of your time because then everything will be prioritised and you will become more accountable for your work. 3.3) Confirming my work methods with others is supporting me to transform my potential and talent into measurable results. This method would be great because I want to succeed in everything I do and it will be great for personal development. 3.5) Keeping other people informed of my progress will allow them to motivate and encourage me towards my achievements. 3.6) Completing work tasks to agreed deadlines or re-negotiate timescales and plans in good time allows me to concentrate, prioritise and focus on what it is I am trying to achieve. Being realistic with timescales and keeping to the deadline without over committing will allow me to achieve my goal first time round. 3.7) Taking and accepting responsibility for my own work and accepting responsibility for any mistakes made is being accountable for my own actions. I know what I have to do, so I have to make sure everything is done to the best of my ability. If mistakes are made then I must fix them, learn from them and make sure it does not occur again. 3.8) Following agreed work guidelines procedures and where needed, codes or practise is being sure of my role and responsibilities and knowing what is mandatory. 4.1) Setting high standards for own work and showing commitment to achieving these standards is showing care and dedication in my work and achieving what I know I can with determination and self motivation. 4.2) Agreeing to take new challenges if they arise would widen my knowledge and open a lot of opportunities for my future, in order for myself and the business to grow and thrive. 4.3) Adapting to new ways of working is using my skills, experience, talent and knowledge to be willing and ready to help the organisation grow. 4.4) Treating other people with honesty, respect and consideration will allow them to treat me the same. 4.5) Helping and supporting other people in work tasks is showing that I am a team player and will allow things to get accomplished much quicker. Improve Own Performance in A Business Environment Unit 2 1.1) Continuously improving performance at work shows that I am dedicated and desire to learn more. It also secures my job and proves to myself and everyone around me that I am more than capable of more responsibilities. 1.2) It is always good to encourage and accept feedback from others because constructive criticism allows you learn, understand, realise and recognise what you need to do to better your performance. 1.3) Learning and development can improve my work, benefit organisations and identify my career options because then I can learn about the different types of roles my colleague’s do and support them. It will also be useful because that’ll be a great experience for me to develop more knowledge in a different area. 1.4) 1.5) 2.1) Encouraging and accepting feedback is always great to improve performance and help career progression. 2.2) 2.3) Completing work tasks using feedback given is good because it will help me improve and let me know what I need to work on more to do even better because there is always room for improvement. 3.1) I need to develop more knowledge about the sales side of the company in order to improve my career aspirations and develop my knowledge on knowing how to match what our clients are looking. 3.2) I plan to sit with a few of my colleagues during sales, take notes and listen to the key skills of how they facilitate our business in growing and progressing. 3.3) Following a learning plan will allow me prioritise my work load and purposefully stick with schedule with good time keeping and be even more organised. 3.4) Work in A Business Environment Unit 3 1.1) Diversity provides options and allows flexibility; it can be along the dimensions of anything and everything. Diversity should be valued, embraced and accepted because nothing and no-one is the same. 1.2) Respecting people’s sensitive needs is showing consideration to circumstances. 1.3) Treating people in a way that respects their abilities, is treating others how you would like to be treated. Being fair. Treating people with respect and dignity; being polite; patient; tolerant; positive; understanding and supportive. 1.4) Ways that are possible to learn from people at work, is asking someone to educate you in something that may not necessarily be your strength. 2.1) Maintaining security and confidentiality at work is respecting other people’s personal business and respecting the company legislations. 2.2) The legal requirements for security and confidentiality in an organisation are under the data protection act. 2.3) The legal requirements for security and confidentiality as required gives rights to individuals regarding confidentiality and accuracy on information such as personal data obtained, or processed whether it is manually or automatically. 2.4) The procedures for dealing with concerns about security and confidentiality in an organisation are addressing the issue with your manager and finding a solution to the problem. 3.1) Keeping waste to a minimum decreases the amount of contribution to the environment. 3.2) The usage of paper is one of the main causes of waste that occurs in a business environment because instead of storing information electronically, most things are kept on paper. 3.3) One way of keeping waste to a minimum, is ordering a reasonable amount of supplies for a short period so there is not a feeling of over supply. 3.4) One way of using technology to reduce waste is recycling the paper in the shredding machine. 3.5) The benefit of recycling 4.1) The benefits and procedures for the recycling and disposal of hazardous materials are protection of human health and the environment. 4.2) Organisational procedures for the recycling and disposal of hazardous materials are anything from paper to plastic, furniture etc. 5.1) The purpose of improving efficiency and minimising waste is because it will increase efficiency in business and lower costs.

Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 50

Reflection - Essay Example I still remember when my boss Mr. Simbiel drafted a memo and gave me the mandate to spread to staff member offices and put them on the notice board. The memo never achieved purpose intended for because in had no date printed on it. I learnt the importance of scrutinizing a business document right from the plain paper to posting and even after. No detail should be left unattended to. In business field, establishing a professional relationship with clients through available meals like letters, emails and fax are key to consider. In additions, contracts are importantly documented in order to avoid disagreements from brewing. Throughout the session, I was an intern I have applied this key writing issues I learn from class and my mentors in the field and have sure achieved great results from it. Sending letters electronically and learning email etiquette came in handy because it is my area I was not well exposed to in class but had the chance to implement. Most companies have pitched tent on social platforms and it is essential as a business hopeful and intern to master the effective communication of the business in order to attract customers, maintain and meet social media terms and conditions. This includes blogging for the company and replying to customer requests on the internet via either emails, social platforms or the fax system. Using the right word during communication is important to relay a message intended across. Without which causes a false alarm. I became pray to this when an episode crept up because of wrong word use. I emailed a customer about the debt owed to the company without putting into mind the effect of the words I used. The client complained bitterly to our manager who explained soberly to the client about me and the purpose of the message and rested the case amicably. Internship in a learning session that students should take time to grasp concepts particularly the practical aspects so

The film The Searchers by John Wayne (1868) and Mary Rowlandson Essay

The film The Searchers by John Wayne (1868) and Mary Rowlandson narrative - Essay Example The film "The Searchers" by John Wayne (1868) and Mary Rowlandson narrative. Both the narratives, on the civilizational clash between Indians and the settlers, have been criticized as racist and also gender insensitive by forthcoming critics. For example, the narrative of Rowlandson though provide many examples of Indians’ kindness to her, she seems to blindly accept of the Western stereotype of bad Indians and good â€Å"Christians† (Rowlandson, 244). She (Rowlandson) always generalizes by calling Indians â€Å"enemies†, â€Å"barbarous creatures†, â€Å"inhumane creatures† and â€Å"infidels† (Rowlandson, 14, 45, 13). Though, this is the case with Rowlandson’s narrative, she has shown the honesty not to omit any of the several kind acts that Indians, especially Indian women, did to her. But in the film, The Searchers, the hero of the film attributes not even a single good quality to the Indians. And in the first scene itself, the lead character, Ethen is seen behaving in a contempt-filled manner to the half I ndian, Martin, who is the foster son of his brother (The Searchers). Ethen even rudely tells Martin that he looks like a â€Å"half-breed† (The Searchers). Here, it has to be noted that Rowlandson had good reason to hate Indians, but Ethen had none, as far as the viewers know. Even then Ethen is found to be more intolerant towards the Indians than Rowlandson. This contradiction can partially be attributed to Rowlandson being a woman, and Ethen being a man. In all the civilizational clashes in history, men have been the conquerors while women stayed on the margins of such power game. It was never their war. And that is why Ethen is more racist than Rowlandson- because it is Ethen’s (and all the men’s) war actually. There is no where in these two depictions, even a suggestion that Westerners were also imparting similar atrocities upon Indians, which were far more wide spread as compared to the Indian excesses. The puritan attitude of the West of that period, and t he hypocrisy involved with that notion is evident from the fact that Ethen wants to murder his brother’s daughter because she became wife to an Indian, and thus strangely deprived of even the affection of her uncle (The Searchers). But in the Rowlandson narrative, Weetamoo, the wife of Rowlandson’s Indian master, is acknowledged as a powerful and self-asserting woman though Rowlandson never seems to fully realize the rights and powers that Indian women enjoy in their society (Rowlandson, 4). Rowlandson herself has described Weetamoo in the words, â€Å"a severe and proud dame she was, bestowing every day in dressing herself neat as much time as any of the gentry of the land† (37). In her narrative, there are many Indians and Indian women who give her food and shelter (Rowlandson). For example, an Indian gives her a pancake to eat when she was hungry and another Indian woman gives her a a piece of

A critical examination of the Korean Dietary regimen Essay

A critical examination of the Korean Dietary regimen - Essay Example Due to the various disasters and flood in Korea the dietary regimen in the country has been affected and is becoming worse. The Korean government gave more importance to the guns for fighting than food for people, which has changed the dietary procedures of the people living there. The Korean people have a-lot of vegetables and meat, which in turn gives them protein which is very essential and often suggested by doctors for a healthy living. The Korean people make various types of granule alcohol, which is most commonly and particularly known as Soju. The Korean females are not allowed to imbibe alcohol however on the other hand alcoholism is not unidentified and most commonly used amongst the Korean men. A great proportion of the Korean males go through from various types of kidney or liver tribulations and stomach cancer as a result of too much utilization of intoxicating drinks or alcohol. The various types of Korean diet puts forward a hale and hearty assemblage of foodstuff, which is short in animal fat in addition to far above the ground in fiber, however a elevated usage of sodium is instituted in Korean dishes which has soy sauce, hot sauce, bean paste, and fish sauce but too much sodium utilization is considered to be the root to various physical conditions. Sodium usage has been a sign of the fact that using saline excess can increase the probability of elevated blood pressure, stroke, heart failure, kidney disease, diabetes, liver fat, fragile bones, asthma, premature deaths and stomach cancer. Usages of too much sugary stuff, which have a high rate of sugar, cause diabetics. Koreans have started using salt to conserve food, and the people with a high blood pressure problem or diabetes are over and over again told to decrease the sodium in their food. Different consumption examples become a sign of dissimilar dietary mores through out the world.

Coca Cola Code of Business Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Coca Cola Code of Business Ethics - Essay Example This also reveals that the ethical system used by the company is based on duty, where all the stakeholders held by the code of ethics are expected to follow a specific duty. The company is guided by the Coca Cola code of business conduct, which is a set of, laid down rules for the administration of ethical and compliance matters (Coca Cola, 2011). An analysis of the Coca Cola COBC (the code) will reveal that it is applied in all levels of the company’s operations, and there is a framework for its administration. This analysis will focus on the administration of the code both within and outside the company by the employees, managers, and all other stakeholders covered by the code. This covers three main areas, integrity in operations around the world, integrity of service within the company, and integrity of service to other people (Coca Cola, 2011). The internal mechanisms for the code revolve around the expectations from the employees and managers, while the second section re volves around actions around the company. This includes actions that deal with financial matters information within the company, and the utilization of company assets. ... Coca Cola states that all employees in the company must always act with integrity, since it is one of the cornerstones of the companies operations (Coca Cola, 2011). The ethical standards set by Coca Cola indicates that all employees must act in accordance with the law and the code, and in case of any actions, the employees must always ask themselves if the action will break these two tenets. The employees are also advised to ask for guidance in case they doubt the ramifications of any of their actions. The managers of the company are also guided by the code, where the main factor is that they should promote a culture of ethics and compliance (Coca Cola, 2011). This means that the managers should always display appropriate conduct, and help their subordinates as much as they possibly can. The managers should ensure that the code is followed by all employees, which includes giving their help when needed. This is in addition to creating a conducive working environment for their employe es, and always preventing the violation of the code by any employees. The code also dictates that any actions that deem the provision of written approval should be handled by the local ethical officers present in all workplaces. The ethical conduct code promoted by the company is also focused on creating an ethical framework within the company itself, and from an analysis of the code, it is evident that this is settled. The COBC focuses on three parts in their code, dealing with company records, dealing with assets, and the use of available information (Coca Cola, 2011). The ethical code utilized by Coca Cola indicates that all stakeholders should always ensure that company records are accurate, which includes all financial information, quality reports, and all other records used by the

Usefulness of theory of kolcaba Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Usefulness of theory of kolcaba - Research Paper Example All these activities of nurses contribute to comfort of the patient that greatly enhances the healing process. The relationship between nursing care and comfort dates back to the early 1900s with the central focus on moral imperative. By 1903s, specialists in the nursing field perceived comfort as a strategy for attaining aspects of nursing care. By 1960s, comfort was a minor goal in nursing care, as physical aspects were dominant while emotional comfort was gaining importance. In 1990, Kolcaba’s Comfort Theory was fully dominant, with emphasis on childbirth pain, pain management, and palliative care and end of life (Kolcaba, 2003). Conditions in the nursing care sector such as loss and suffering of patients with complex medical care, pain scores of 10/10 even with increase in medication, and personal frustration and inability to change the situation contributed to the adoption of comfort as the foundation of nursing care. Comfort is relative. Kolcaba’s Comfort Theory seeks to address human needs, including transcendence, relief, and ease. It takes an individualized (holistic) approach to enhance the feelings of wellbeing and a sense of strength. Moreover, it provides a conceptual framework for nursing care (Kolcaba, 2003). The physical concept relates to homeostasis and bodily sensation, including regular bowel function, pain relief, adequate oxygen saturation, electrolytes and fluid balance, and positioning and turning. The socio-cultural concept concerns societal, interpersonal, and family relationships, rituals, and family traditions. These include cultural customs, continuity of care, caring attitude, education and information, and enhancing friend and family support. Psycho-spiritual concept revolves around the internal awareness of the meaning of one’s life, self-esteem, and sexuality, including improving and maintaining self-esteem, increasing relaxation, enhancing independence, and

Two separate survey Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Two separate survey - Research Paper Example For the most part, the participants are grouped together under a focus group, after having been selected from a previous quantitative survey. The major shortcoming of hybrid survey compared to mail surveys is that, it is more expensive. This is manly due to the fact that, hybrid survey involves a lot of coordination and organization, and hence requires quite a considerable amount of resources to administer. Furthermore, hybrid surveys require extensive time period for implementation. However, this form of survey is able to enhance quality than mail survey design, since it has a higher response rate, coupled with a superior response quality and validity (Ritter, 2007). For instance Wal-Mart conducts an initial online survey for most of its customers who log in to their survey portal. Subsequently, based on the answers they obtain from the participants, the company sends email and phone requests for them to participate in another structured survey. The initial survey is deliberated to obtain the participants feedback, concerning their latest shopping experience. The goal for Wal-Mart is to avoid repetition (Wal-Mart, 2011). Mail survey is a data collection technique, whereby respondents fill questionnaires in paper format and return them through mail (Zikmund & Babin, 2006). Mail surveys unlike hybrid online surveys, are not that expensive to manage. Furthermore, the same questionnaires are able to be sent to a wide number of individuals, and they are able to complete at their own expediency. However, it has the shortcoming whereby the response rates are regularly very low, especially when it comes to asking for comprehensive written responses. Notably, all entries are postmarked, and added to subsequent monthly entries (UPS, 2012). Then information and answers provided in the online surveys is used by Wal-Mart to assess and come up with possible changes that are conducive

Art in Context - Tracey Emin Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Art in Context - Tracey Emin - Essay Example She is an expert in various art forms including needlework, sculpture, drawing, video or installation, photography and painting as well. The uniqueness in her works that can be in any form lies in her independent nature to express with an autobiographical tone. What other artists never prefer to expose in public, Tracey does exactly the same. Tracey and Her Unique Practice as a Contemporary Artist: Tracey is the most controversial artist just because of her extreme personal and original art works. Autobiographical subject matter in her works of art is the place where she differs from other contemporary artists. She has confessed everything from her inmost life through sculptures, textiles, drawings, mono prints and several other expertise fields (Fortnum, R, 2007). Almost all her works tell about her autobiography. According to her this comes from a stream of consciousness, undoubtedly this is the basic source of art while creating it. Tracey’s practice is well known for its r aw openness, immediacy and some extend sexually provocative attitude (The European Graduate School, web, N.D.). Such factors fascinate the viewer a lot. She is very confessional in her attitude through the art forms. She always prefers to show a working class attitude in her works of art that provokes British class system. ... She deals with extremely female autobiographical subject in her art. She represents â€Å"she† in all her art works and that is a concrete part of essentialism (Gale, M.B. & Gardner, V, 2004). Tracey is such an artist in the contemporary world of art who tells about the exploitation of her existence as a woman. Her art tells about the challenges of a woman affirming her female identity in her art forms. She makes the viewer feel her string existence through her art forms. Tracey’s form of art often defined in terms of sexual aggression coming out of her personal experiences. Almost of all her paintings delineate a life of sexual desire (Doyle, J, 2006). She often confesses that what she does is exactly what she thinks. This is the freedom of contemporary art. An artist is freed from any kind of boundaries. There is no obligation in the expression through art form. The basic aesthetics of contemporary art form is that nothing can stop the spontaneous urge of expression i n terms of art. The tradition of past, restricted sectors of rules and regulation are avoided in the concept of contemporary art form and Tracey is a perfect contemporary artist representing her own thoughts and spontaneity on canvas or paper or may in some other formats. A spirit of experimentation is the basis of contemporary art and Tracey is just the revolutionary as a contemporary artist. Modern art is born out of a considerable revision of the conventional definition of art form with the concept of something unique (Meecham, P & Sheldon J, 2000). Tracey is doing nothing rather implementing her own thoughts through a revolutionary method. Her struggling life from the childhood makes her tell the pathetic story in a spontaneous approach through modern art. Several rejections in terms of

Comparing the marketing of Tescos and Audi Essay Example for Free

Comparing the marketing of Tescos and Audi Essay For this task we have been asked to look at the ways two different businesses market their products and services the two businesses we have been asked to look at are Tesco Audi. The first Tesco was opened in 1919 by a man called; Jack Cohen from that 1 store Tesco has grown in the market and now has 923 stores worldwide, Tesco is a supermarket that sells all kinds of household items such as food, clothes range, technology range, phone range furniture, toys and many more, Tesco has many different stores which make a lot of money every year. Tesco uses its brand to obtain new customers and also retain old customers because they are a reliable business that is well known by many of their customers. They are known for their cheap products and suitable prices which attract customers to come back and buy again, They obtain new customers by doing things like advertising and promoting their products and business on things like flyers, T.V, Internet, Comparison sites and a lot of other places, they also do things like club cards which allow customers to get some products for lower prices or free, this makes the customer want to come back and shop again because they like the way of service. We have been asked to pick one product from each business and discuss the marketing techniques between them, from Tesco I have chosen to do a Mobile phone, the target markets of this product is everyone, but almost everyone needs a mobile phone, the branding of the mobile phone will be different because if the phones are made from different companies their brands will be on them, Tesco will use adverts to promote the phone and get people interested so they will buy it, Tesco uses relationship marketing with phone brands such as Nokia, Samsung ECT as they sell their products in side their stores, The mobile phone has a large number of rival products as there are lots of different phone models to choose from and this particular phone might not get bought. An Ansoff matrix is a business strategy that businesses use to increase sales and improve their market, Tesco is developing new products in existing markets because they already have a market and they just need new products to sell in their market, for example if Tesco created a new product their brand phone they would sell it under their name in their stores. Tesco constantly uses the Ansoff matrix as they are always releasing new products, and selling them, sometimes Tesco would work on improving a market and sometimes they create completely new products, If Tesco release a new mobile phone they would be releasing a new product into a existing market which would be using the Ansoff matrix. Audi AG (Xetra: NSU) is a German manufacturer of a range of automobiles, from supermini to crossover SUVs in various body styles and price ranges that are marketed under the Audi brand. The company is headquartered in Ingolstadt, Germany, and has been a wholly owned subsidiary of Volkswagen AG since 1966, following a phased purchase of its predecessor, Auto Union, from its former owner, Daimler-Benz. Volkswagen re-launched the Audi brand with the 1965 introduction of the Audi F103 series. The company name is based on the surname of the founder August Horch, meaning listen — which, when translated into Latin, becomes Audi. Audi uses its brand to sell their products, Audi is a well known and trusted brand and people can buy from them with trust unlike smaller companies, customers know that they can trust Audi, because they have reliable cars that they sell and the public know these facts about the business so they trust the company and buy the car. We have been asked to pick one product to describe the marketing techniques they use, I have chosen to do the Audi RS4, the target of this car would be anyone who can drive and people who have money, The branding of this car would have the Audi Logo on it, Audi will use things like adverts to promote their product, advertising increases sales, Audi can use Relationship marketing with Car dealerships/shops which sell their cars, Audi has a lot of rivals due to there being many other car companies that are selling cars like them such as Mercedes, Bmw, ECT, so Audi will have to be better that the other companies and prove that they are the best car dealer on the market. An Ansoff matrix is a business strategy that businesses use to increase sales and improve their market; Audi is constantly creating new products in their existing markets, and sometimes creating new products for new markets, for example Audi would not start a new company to sell new products under, they would just make new products which would be cars and sell them under their current name which would be Audi. Audi constantly uses the Ansoff matrix as they are always making new cars and selling them, sometimes Audi would work on improving a market and sometimes they create completely new products, for example If Audi created a new car they would sell it under their brand name and this is using the Ansoff Matrix.

Sequence Alignment and Dynamic Programming

Sequence Alignment and Dynamic Programming Introduction Sequence alignment Sequence alignment is a standard method to compare two or more sequences by looking for a series of individual characters or character patterns that are in the same order in the sequences [1]. Also, it is a way of arranging two or more sequences of characters to recognize regions of similarity [2]. Importance of sequence alignment Sequence alignment is significant because in bimolecular sequences (DNA, RNA, or protein), high sequence similarity usually implies important functional or structural similarity that is the first step of many biological analysis [3]. Besides, sequence alignment can address significant questions such as detecting gene sequences that cause disease or susceptibility to disease, identifying changes in gene sequences that cause evolution, finding the relationship between various gene sequences that can indicate the common ancestry [4], detecting functionally important sites, and demonstrating mutation events [5]. Analysis of the alignment can reveal important information. It is possible to identify the parts of the sequences that are likely to be important for the function, if the proteins are involved in similar processes .The random mutations can accumulate more easily in parts of the sequence of a protein which are not very essential for its function. In the parts of the sequence that are essential for the function hardly any mutations will be accepted because approximately all changes in such regions will destroy the function [6]. Moreover, Sequence alignment is important for assigning function to unknown proteins [7]. Protein alignment of two residues implies that those residues perform similar roles in the two different proteins [8]. Methods The main purpose of sequence alignments methods is finding maximum degree of similarities and minimum evolutionary distance. Generally, computational approaches to solve sequence alignment problems can be divided into two categories: global alignments and local alignments. Global alignments traverse the entire length of all query sequences, and match as many characters as possible from end to end. These alignment methods are most useful when the sequences have approximately the same size or they are similar. The alignment is performed from beginning of the sequence to end of the sequences to find out the best possible alignment. On the other hand, Local alignments find the local regions with high level of similarity. They are more useful for sequences that are suspected to contain regions of similarity within their larger sequence context. [9] Besides, pairwise sequence alignment is used to find the regions of similarity between two sequences. As the number of sequences increases, comparing each and every sequence to every other may be impossible. So, we need multiple sequence alignment, where all similar sequences can be compared in one single figure or table. The basic idea is that the sequences are aligned on top of each other, so that a coordinate system is set up, where each row is the sequence for one protein, and each column is the same position in each sequence. [10] There are many different approaches and implementations of the methods to perform sequence alignment. These include techniques such as dynamic programming , heuristic algorithms (BLAST and FASTA similarity searching), probabilistic methods, dot-matrix methods, progressive methods, ClustalW , MUSCLE , T-Coffee , and DIALIGN. Dynamic programming Dynamic programming (DP) is a problem solving method for a class of problems that can be solved by dividing them down into simpler sub-problems. It finds the alignment by giving some scores for matches and mismatches (Scoring matrices).This method is widely used in sequence alignments problems. [11] However, when the number of the sequences is more than two, multiple dimensional Dynamic programming in infeasible because of the large storage and computational complexities.[16] Dynamic programming algorithms use gap penalties to increase the biological meaning [9]. There are different gap penalties such as linear gap, constant gap, gap open and gap extension. The gap score is a penalty given to alignment when there is insertion or deletion. There may be a case where there are continuous gaps all along the sequence during the evolution, so the linear gap penalty would not be suitable for the alignment. Therefore, gap opening penalty and gap extension penalty has been introduced when there are continuous gaps. The gap opening penalty is applied at the start of the gap, and then the other gap following it is given with a gap extension penalty which will be less compared to the open penalty. Different gap penalty functions require different dynamic programming algorithms [12]. Also; there is a substitution matrix to score alignments. The mainly used predefined scoring matrices for sequence alignment are PAM (Point Accepted Mutation) and BLOSUM (Blocks Substitut ion Matrix). The two algorithms, Smith-Waterman for local alignment and Needleman-Wunsch for global alignment, are based on dynamic programming. Needleman-Wunsch algorithm requires alignment score for a pair of residues to be equal or more than zero. No gap penalty is required, and score cannot decrease between two cells of pathway. Smith-Waterman requires a gap penalty to work efficiently. Residue alignment score may be positive or negative .Score can increase, decrease, or stay level between two cells of pathway [13]. Sequence Alignment Problems For an n-character sequence s, and an m-character sequence t , we construct an (n+1)Ãâ€"(m+1)matrix . Global alignment: F ( i, j ) = score of the best alignment of s[1i ] with t[1j] Local alignment: F ( i, j ) = score of the best alignment of a suffix of s[1i ] and a suffix of t[1j] There are three steps in the sequence alignments algorithms: Initialization In the initialization phase, we assign values for the first row and column of the alignment matrix .The next step of the algorithm depends on this. Fill In the fill stage, the entire matrix is filled with scores from top to bottom, left to right with appropriate values that depend on the gap penalties and scoring matrix. Trace back For each F ( i, j ), save pointers to cell that resulted in best score . For global alignment, we trace pointers back from F (m, n) to F(0, 0) to recover sequence alignments . For local alignment, we are looking for the maximum value of the F (i, j) that can be anywhere in the matrix. We trace pointers back from F (i, j) and stop when we get to a cell with value 0. Local alignment with scoring matrix After creating and initializing the alignment matrix ( F ) and trace back matrix, the score of F (i, j) for every cell is calculated as follows: For i = 1 to n+1 For j = 1 to m+1 left_score= F[i][ j-1] gap, diagonal_score=F[i-1[ j-1] + PAM250(s[i], t[j]), up_score= F[i-1][ j] gap scores=max[ 0, left_score, diagonal_score, up_score] Also, we should keep the reference to each cell to perform backtracking. traceback_matrix[i][j]= scores.index(F[i][j]) After filling the F matrix, we find the optimal alignment score and the optimal end points by finding the highest scoring cell, maxi,jF(i , j) . best_score has a default value equals to -1 . if F [i][j] > best_score: best_score= F [i][j] i_maximum_score, j_maximum_score = i, j To recover the optimal alignment, we trace back from i_maximum_score, j_maximum_score position , terminating the trace back when we reach a cell with score 0 . The time and space complexity of this algorithm is O(mn) which m is the length of sequence s , and n is the length of sequence t. Local alignment with affine gap penalty For this problem, there are gap opening penalty and gap extension penalty. The gap opening penalty is applied at the start of the gap, and then the other gap following it is given with a gap extension penalty. Initialization: There are Four different matrices: up_score , left_score ,m_score , trace_back Filling matrix: For i = 1 to n+1: up_score[i][0] = -gap_opening_penalty-(i-1)*gap_extension_penalty For j = 1 to m+1: left_score[0][j] = -gap_opening_penalty-(j-1)*gap_extension_penalty For i = 1 to n+1: For j = 1 to m+1: up_score [i][j] = max( [up_score [i][j-1] gap_extension_penalty, m_score[i][j-1] gap_opening_penalty] ) Left_score[i][j] = max( [left_score[i-1][j] gap_extension_penalty, m_score[i-1][j] gap_opening_penalty] ) m_score[i][j] = BLOSUM62 (s[i], t[j])) +max( m_score [i-1][j-1], left_score [i-1][j-1], up_score [i-1][j-1] ) scores = [left_score[i-1][j-1], m_score[i-1][j-1] ,up_score[i-1][j-1], 0] We find the highest scoring cell, the position of that cell,and the best alignment by following the same steps as we accomplished in the previous problem. The time and space complexity of this algorithm is O(mn). Global alignment with constant gap penalty In this case every gap receives a fixed score, regardless of the gap length For i = 1 to m+1: alignment_matrix[i][0] = -gap_penalty For i = 1 to n+1: alignment_matrix[0][j] = -gap_penalty For i = 1 to n+1: For j = 1 to m+1: scores = [alignment_matrix[i][j-1] gap_penalty,alignment_matrix[i-1][j] gap_penalty, alignment_matrix[i-1][j-1] + BLOSUM62 (s[i], t[j]),) alignment_matrix[i][j] = max(scores) alignment_matrix[m][n] holds the optimal alignment score. The time and space complexity of this algorithm is O(mn) which m is the length of sequence s , and n is the length of sequence t. Global alignment with scoring matrix In this problem there is a linear gap that each inserted or deleted symbol is charged g; as a result, if the length of the gap L; the total gap penalty would be the product of the two gL. For i = 1 to m+1: alignment_matrix[i][0] = -i*gap_penalty For i = 1 to n+1: alignment_matrix[0][j] = -j*gap_penalty scores = [alignment_matrix[i][j-1] gap_penalty,alignment_matrix[i-1][j] gap_penalty, alignment_matrix[i-1][j-1] + BLOSUM62 (s[i], t[j]),) alignment_matrix[i][j] = max(scores) alignment_matrix[m][n] holds the optimal alignment score. The time and space complexity of this algorithm is O(mn) which m is the length of sequence s , and n is the length of sequence t. Global alignment with scoring matrix and affine gap penalty There are Four different matrices: up_score , left_score ,m_score , trace_back Filling matrix: For i = 1 to n+1: up_score[i][0] = -gap_opening_penalty-(i-1)*gap_extension_penalty For j = 1 to m+1: left_score[0][j] = -gap_opening_penalty-(j-1)*gap_extension_penalty For i = 1 to n+1: For j = 1 to m+1: up_score [i][j] = max( [up_score [i][j-1] gap_extension_penalty, m_score[i][j-1] gap_opening_penalty] ) Left_score[i][j] = max( [left_score[i-1][j] gap_extension_penalty, m_score[i-1][j] gap_opening_penalty] ) m_score[i][j] = BLOSUM62 (s[i], t[j])) +max( m_score [i-1][j-1], left_score [i-1][j-1], up_score [i-1][j-1] ) maximum_alignment_score = max(m_score[m][n], left_score[m][n], up_score[m][n]) The time and space complexity of this algorithm is O(mn) which m is the length of sequence s , and n is the length of sequence t. The above algorithms require too much time for searching large databases so we cannot use these algorithms. There are several methods to overcome this problem. Heuristic Method It is an algorithm that gives only approximate solution to a problem. Sometimes we are not able to formally prove that this solution actually solves the problem, but since heuristic methods are much faster than exact algorithms, they are commonly used . FASTA is a heuristic method for sequence alignment .The main idea of this method is choosing regions of the two sequences that have some degree of similarity, and using dynamic programming to compute local alignment in these regions. The disadvantage of using these methods is losing significant amount of sensitivity. Parallelization is a possible solution for solving this problem.[14] Parallel Algorithm In this paper [ 15 ] a parallel method is introduced to reduce the complexity of the dynamic programming algorithm for pairwise sequence alignment. The time consumption of sequential algorithm mainly depends on the computation of the score matrix .For calculating the score of each cell, the computation of F(i,j) can be started only when F(i-1,j-1), F(i-1,j) and F(i,j-1) acquire their values. Consequently, it is possible to conduct the computation of score matrix sequentially in order of anti-diagonals .So, the values in the same anti-diagonal can be calculated simultaneously. ( Figure 1 ) Figure1 .Computing score matrix in parallel manner .The values of the cells marked by à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   can be computed simultaneously. There are two models for problem solving using parallel method that improve the performance of the pairwise alignment algorithm. Pipeline model: Each row of the score matrix is computed successively by a processor, which blocks itself until the required values in the above row are computed. Anti-diagonal model: From the left-top corner to the right-bottom corner of score matrix, all processors compute concurrently along an anti-diagonal of the matrix. Each idle processor selects a cell from the current anti-diagonal and computes its value. When all values in current anti-diagonal are computed, the computation moves on to next anti-diagonal. In the algorithm that is based on the pipeline model, the score matrix is partitioned into several blocks by column and several bands by row. All the bands distributed to multiple processors, and each processor computes the block in its own band simultaneously. By applying parallel algorithm, The time complexity is O(n) when n processor is used. [15] Progressive Method For solving multiple sequence alignment problems, the most common algorithm used is progressive method. This algorithm consists of three main stapes. First, comparing all the sequences with each other, and producing similarity scores ( distance matrix) . This stage is parallelized. The second stapes groups the most similar sequences together using the similarity scores and a clustering method such as Neighbor-Joining to create a guide tree. Finally, the third stage sequentially aligns the most similar sequences and groups of sequences until all the sequences are aligned. Before alignment with a pairwise dynamic programming algorithm, groups of aligned sequences are converted into profiles. A profile represents the character frequencies for each column in an alignment. In the final stage, for aligning groups of sequences, trace back information from full pairwise alignment is required.[ 17 ] ClustalW This algorithm that has become the most popular for multiple sequence alignment implements progressive method. The time complexity of this method is O (N 4 + L 2) and the space complexity is O (N2 + L 2). [18] Conclusion By comparing the different methods to implement pairwise sequence alignment and multiple sequence alignment , we can conclude that using parallel algorithms that implement pipeline model or anti-diagonal model are effective algorithm for performing pairwise sequence alignments. The algorithms that implement progressive method such as ClustalW are effective algorithm for solving multiple sequence alignments problems. References Robert F. Murphy, Computational Biology, Carnegie Mellon University www.cmu.edu/bio//LecturesPart03.ppt http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequence_alignment Dan Gusfield, Algorithms on Strings, Trees and Sequences: Computer Science and Computational Biology (Cambridge University Press, 1997). http://cs.calvin.edu/activities/blasted/intro03.html http://www.embl.de/~seqanal/courses/commonCourseContent/commonMsaExercises.html Per Kraulis , Stockholm Bioinformatics Center, SBC ,http://www.avatar.se/molbioinfo2001/seqali-why.html http://iitb.vlab.co.in/?sub=41brch=118sim=656cnt=1 Andreas D. Baxevanis, B. F. Francis Ouellett ,Bioinformatics: A Practical Guide to the Analysis of Genes and Proteins http://amrita.vlab.co.in/?sub=3brch=274sim=1433cnt=1 David S.Moss, Sibila Jelaska, Sandor Pongor, Essays in Bioinformatics, ISB 1-58603-539-8 http://amrita.vlab.co.in/?sub=3brch=274sim=1431cnt=1 Burr Settles, Sequence Alignment, IBS Summer Research Program 2008, http://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~bsettles/ibs08/lectures/02-alignment.pdf Aoife McLysaght, Biological Sequence Comparision/Database Homology Searching, The University of Dublin, http://www.maths.tcd.ie/~lily/pres2/sld001.htm Rapid alignment methods FASTA and BLAST http://www.cs.helsinki.fi/bioinformatiikka/mbi/courses/07-08/itb/slides/itb0708_slides_83-116.pdf Yang Chen, Songnian Yu, Ming Ling, Parallel Sequence Alignment Algorithm For Clustering System, School of Computer Enginnering and science, Shanghai University Heitor S. Lope, Carlos R ,Erig Lima , Guilherme L. Morit , A Parallel Algorithm for Large-Scale Multiple Sequence Alignment , Bioinformatics Laboratory/CPGE Federal University of Technology – Paran ÃÅ'  Scott Lloyd, Quinn O Snel , Accelerated large-scale multiple sequence alignment Kridsadakorn Chaichoompu, Surin Kittitornkun, and Sissades Tongsima ,MT-ClustalW: Multithreading Multiple Sequence Alignment